Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example There are several factors that contribute to the pricing of houses in a free market. The Basic Principle of demand and supply This basic principle of demand and supply would chiefly govern the housing market, i.e. when the demand for housing increases the prices will tend to go up in order to reach equilibrium at the present level of supply. This is a typical example of demand and supply. The equilibrium is determined when the price at which the buyer would like to make purchase coincides with the price at which the seller would like to make the trade. Now the value of the housing properties is determined by both the supply side and the demand side factors which include the price at which the seller would like to go for the transaction with a prospective buyer and the actual price which the buyer would like to pay (Ngai and Tenreyro, 2009, p.7). Now when the demand for residence in a particular locality is high then the dearth of supply would cause the market power to shift from the buyers to the sellers and hence prices would be determined by the seller. Thus, when there is excess demand in the housing market the sellers may hoard the residential unit in order to create a price differential and make more profits. On the other hand when the demand for housing is low the sellers might compromise on the prices and it would be a buyer’s market where the buyer would have a lot of control over the settlement of the prices. The demand for housing at a particular area may increase due to demographic reasons as well. Suppose a new industry is set up in a place where previously there was no human establishment, then labour migration will take place in that particular area and those people would need residential investments. Again as the number of divorces is increasing people these days need more residential units separately and hence the demand for housing increases. In the above figure we see that the initial demand for housing in a particular area id D1 and th e initial supply is S1. The vertical axis would represent the prices of the housing units and the horizontal axis would represent the quantity of houses traded in the market of that particular area. The initial equilibrium price and quantity is at P1 and Q1 respectively. Now due to population inflow, the demand for housing units increases to D2. The supply remaining constant at S1, the new equilibrium would be at the point P2Q2. A point to be noted in this context is that due to an increase in demand the quantity supplied is increasing but at the lesser rate than that of the prices, i.e., P1P2 would be greater than Q1Q2. It should be noted that the supply here is relatively inelastic. The reason behind this is that there is a lag in time in between the price change and the augmentation of supply in housing in that area. When the supply of housing becomes more elastic as in the above figure, the supply curve would move in the rightward direction indicated by the arrow. The new supply curve will be S2. Now if we assume that the demand is unchanged then the prices would tend to go down to P3 which is a price that is higher than P1 but lower than P2. On the other, the equilibrium quantity would further move upwards to Q3 which is higher than both Q1 and Q2.  

Practical Applications of Management Theories Essay

Practical Applications of Management Theories - Essay Example This theory views organization as a system of different components which help to accomplish the goals of the system. In general, a management theory is useful if it helps managers to understand relationships within organization. Furthermore, theory tends to simplify complex relationships by removing from consideration variables thought to be of lesser concern, in order to permit focusing on the variables of greater interest. Following Hoopes (2003): "some corporation prospered more than others, accumulating capital that in onrushing era of heavy industry created a new kind of special privilege, privilege of owing" (1). This statement can make it easier to understand cause/effect and other relationships among variables. It can help managers increase the accuracy and usefulness of predictions with respect to the variables. According to Deming (1986) "Management in any form is prediction" (cited Scherkenbach 1991, p. 7) managers have to act on the best knowledge they have to get anything done. This knowledge enables them to predict with approximate certainty that their efforts will pay off. Therefore managers must assiduously gather that knowledge that best enables organization to predict the outcomes of efforts that ensure success. And managers must do all they can to ensure that everyone in an organization acts in concert on the best knowledge. ... Building bureaucracy transferred power from subordinates to superiors (Hoopes 2003). Deming's theory allows organization to reach the desired goals and coordinate all activities in the best possible manner. Deming's theory is often connected with quality management and quality control. The Deming's theory is based on 14 principles which help organizations to improve the current and future performance. It is possible to say that this open and dynamic approach avoids the error of the other theorists, who thought of organizations as closed systems and analyzed their problems with reference to their internal structures and processes of interaction, without taking account either of external influences and the changes they impose or of the technology in the organization (Scherkenbach 1991). Deming's theory best meets organization needs because to helps to maximize productivity and reduce operational costs. For instance, "inspection," writes Deming, "does not improve quality and is costly and ineffective" (cited Scherkenbach 1991, p. 45). Quality does not come from inspection by management of everything that workers do (an unrealistic and impossible task anyway). Mass inspection by a principal, for example, is unwieldy and time-consuming. Moreover, it promotes complacency by establishing management-determined standards for employees rather than allowing them to establish and work toward their own standards in areas in which they have expertise. Mass inspection is antithetical to the belief that people will strive to do high-quality work where trust exists. This does not mean that there is no place for quality control, nor does it rule out peer assessment for the purpose of improvement. Deming's

Socio Economic Development On Poverty Reduction Of Zanzibar Economics Essay

Socio Economic Development On Poverty Reduction Of Zanzibar Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Low growth rates, unemployment and poverty, are the issues in which many developing countries fighting for in nowadays. While this has showed the way for a number of observers in the developed countries to ask, Why cant people in these countries improve their situation are they just lazy? (Bucciferro, 2007). The main target of different governments medium term agenda in the world is to raise economy and reduce poverty by certain percentages and certain period of time. In achieving this target the gross domestic product rate must grow in higher level compared to the per capita income. In this chapter, the main topics will be provided including background information, statement of the study as well as objectives of the study. Contributions of the study, significance of the study, limitations of the study and organizations of the study are also listed in this chapter. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Jiangsu Province in China Jiangsu Province is one among the provinces and located in the middle of the east coast of China. On the north is bordered by Shandong, Anhui to the west and Zhejiang province to the south. It is the largest economic center in China lies within the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and be close to Shanghai. With an area of 102,600 square km, Jiangsu Province has a population of approximately 76 million. The province has also a fertile land, plentiful water and a moderate climatic condition. There are 13 municipalities under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, namely, Nanjing, Wuxi, Xuzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Lianyungang, Huaian, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou and Suqian. The capital of the province is Nanjing (http://www.nj.gov/njbusiness/pdfs/Jiangsu_2009.pdf). Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China, with the third highest total GDP after Guangdong and Shandong Province. As for the case of its economy, in 2008, its per capita GDP was nearly RMB 40,000 yuan (US$ 5,700) and nominal GDP was over RMB 3 trillion yuan (US$428 billion), at an annual growth rate of 12.5%. Zanzibar Zanzibar consists of two main islands namely Unguja and Pemba with the total areas of 2,654 square kilometers, and a number of smaller islets and some of which are uninhabited. All sides of western, eastern, northern and southern are surrounded by the Indian Ocean. The Islands be positioned about 40 kilometers off the coast of Mainland Tanzania from the western part and located between latitudes 5 and 7 degrees south of the Equator. Still Zanzibar is close to the East African countries which including Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania itself. In 1964, Zanzibar combined with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanzania. However Zanzibar holds considerable autonomy over her internal affairs and has her own legislature, judiciary and an executive. Additionally, Zanzibar follows a multiparty democracy and the president, members of parliaments and local governments are elected through popular vote in every five years. According to the census conducted in 2002, Zanzibar had a population of 981,754 residents, with a growth rate of 3.1 percent and a population density of 370 per square kilometers. Of the total population 54% is in the age group of 15-55 years old which is indicative of the size of the active labor force. Up to 2005 population reached to about 1,072,000. According to Zanzibar Statistical Abstract (ZSA), 2007, about 1.1 million (i.e. 1,136,100) populations are estimated until 2007 and out of that 40% live in urban area, and remaining 60% are settled in rural areas. As Zanzibars population is relatively young, and it is projected that about 2 to 3 percent of the population join labor force every year. Zanzibar relies on three major sectors including agriculture, industry and services. In 2008 the growth domestic produ ct (GDP) rate was about 747.9 billion Tanzania shillings compared to 586.4 billion (TSH) in 2007. And the government has carry out various policy and structural reforms with the objective of achieving stable macro-economic conditions and sustainable economic environment. Statement of the problem As far as human rights is concerned, socio-economic development is very essential thing that nation has to take into account, unless otherwise, it can create a serious problem within the nation. This is due to the fact that, it represent with other aspects like education, health, communication (infrastructure) and individual consumption (per capita income). Until now, we have studied macroeconomic interactions between industrialized countries market economies like those of the United States and Western Europe. Richly endowed with capital and skilled labor, these politically stable countries generate high levels of GNP for their residents (Krugman, et al. 2003). Since after the World War II, the trade between the developed and developing countries are not only well expanded; the developing nations still try to have a loan from richer countries as well. This will in turn into easiest way of suffering from the emerging world financial crises. However, Zanzibar and Jiangsu province is one of Chinas provinces are among the developing economies in the world. In such a way that in Jiangsu province there are well developed infrastructures that encourage many foreign investors to invest. Whereby some of the industrys operating cost reduced and finally come up with a huge of development. Poverty is the basic problem of developing countries and escaping from poverty is their overriding economic and political challenge (Krugman, et al. 2003). Compared with Jiangsu province in China, Zanzibar is poorer especially on the side of factors of production that lead to the new industry like capital and skilled labor. While this will result in to low level of GDP and per capita GDP as also; and finally stop the country to gain economies of scale and scope from which Jiangsu province in recent years benefits from. On the other hand the different political ideology and instability in one way or another still remains to be a challenge that ne eds to be addressed. In 1978, China opened up the door to the outside the world and encourage more foreign direct investments (FDI). Opening the economy up to trade would encourage more intensive use of existing factors of production (Husted, et al. 2001). From that point of view the province started receiving more foreign capitals flowed in to. This is because; foreign firms located in the province and helped a lot in expanding the local industries and promote production capacity as well as export sectors. With such benefits from now on wards, it is very important for Zanzibar also to persuade foreign direct investment in order to address those challenges facing. Most foreign firms consider factors like government efficiency, preferential tax policy, human resources, market potential and environment laws for deciding investment in to foreign country. Therefore the most important thing first is to improve those mentioned factors. From this perspective, the study looked at socio-economic development of Jiangsu province on how does it well performed until it reached the present state of among the leading province in China. Indeed Zanzibar is fighting for improving the economic situation on different environment and as a result it performs poor. Hence, this study will be highly interesting in establishing the torch for Zanzibar in which can be used as a light to see what Jiangsu province did and learn from them if possible, in certain level and take certain not all that can be affordable to be implemented according to limited resources it has, so as to make the country in to better stage for the future sustainable economic performance and finally poverty reduction. In addition to that, this study was guided by the questions among others are: What are the motives for socio-economic development? What responsibility of economic development must bear? Should government pursue economic growth primarily or focus on poverty reduction? Is growth good for poor? What Zanzibar should do? Objective of the Study In recent years economic growth has come to occupy an exalted position in the hierarchy of goals of government policy, both in the United States and abroad, both in advanced and in less developed countries, both in centrally controlled and decentralized economies (Tobin, 1964). Based on http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/objectiv.htm, sustainable economic growth is essential for expanding the resource base for development, and hence for economic, technical and social transformation, generate the required financial, physical, human and technical resources and finally to the eradication of poverty. It is seemed that in Jiangsu province there is a strong planning and implementation process from top to bottom for different projects that involve local communities which is basically for the managing the economy. And this is very important thing for rural development as well building their capacities. It has also well developed infrastructure in communication and transportations that is supportive for economy of a province. It is also notably that, in every year, Jiangsu province sating up the GDP and per capita GDP growth target (together with required resources) to be achieved and in order to remain on leading position among the Chinas provinces. For instance, the realistic goals for 2009 are set to achieve a 10% increase of gross domestic product, a 17% increase of a fixed asset investment and a 16% increase of retailing sales (China Daily Jiangsu Bureau, 2009-02-06). Therefore, the objective of this study is to illustrate and assess the socio-economic development of Jiangsu province in China. Specific objectives In line to the above general objective, this study also had the following specific objectives, among others are:- Provide a support for develop innovation to the Zanzibar in improving production capacity. Assessment of socio-economic development on poverty reduction Provide a better understanding of what Chinas do through Jiangsu province in improving the livelihood of its citizens. Analyze the infrastructure development as an engine to economic development and further poverty reduction Propose the potential actions in helping Zanzibaries to get the economic development of the country as a whole. Contributions of the study The conducive environment as for the case of political stability in a nation always encourages investors locally as well foreigners to invest that leading to the production capacity and creating employment opportunities. At the same time human recourses and the use of science and technology have substantial impacts on the easing access to availability of scarce resources upon which production is depending. Apart from that marketing development for such agricultural products can affects export growth and expand small as well as medium size industries as far as per capita income is concerned. In fact, it necessary to any nation in setting up the profitable programs for the reduction of poverty. Such programs like loans should be directed to the individual farms rather than to the project which is normally seems to be unproductive to the specifically rural population. In this case roads can connect all major industrial and farming centers which automatically help in boost the economy. H ence government efficient expenditure is a key issue to support economic growth because society at all times demands the services, but it has to make sure that this does not encourage a tax burden to other sectors. Nevertheless, economic globalization is occurring partly due to the improvements in technology and decreased transportation costs, and partly due to a deliberate choice on behalf of many national governments, to increase their integration with the global economy (Aisbett, E. (2003)). At the same time, however, Woolcock (2001) argued that we need sound political institutions and civil society more than ever, without addressing the question of whether globalization will foster or frustrate their development. In brief the rapid economic growth and its performance bring more investments and contribute to even balance of payment as well as capital stock. So in recent time it has been recognized that, in Zanzibar, there is a decreasing rate of growth that might be caused by global financial crises which obviously still remain a challenge and burden for the general concept of poverty reduction. From the above reasons, the results of this study are expected to contribute towards explanation on how does economic development construct a road to achieve the final aim of poverty reduction. This will in turn to assist the policy makers, planners and other shareholders in shaping the direction of a country. As a final point, the study will promote and persuade academicians plus other different interested parties in different organizations, since because it will offer and can be used as a skeleton or reference materials for further studies on this or similar areas. Limitations of the study Organizations of the study CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Definitions of key terms 2.1.1. Socio-Economic development With acknowledge of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_development, socio-economic development is refers to the process of social and economic development in a society which is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment. Such less-tangible factors like personal dignity, freedom of association, personal safety and freedom from fear of physical harm, and the extent of participation in civil society, are also considered. Additionally it mentioned that, causes of socio-economic impact including such factors like new technology, changes in laws, changes in the physical environment and ecological changes. 2.1.2. Poverty Poverty can be defined as a condition of not having the means to afford basic needs such as clean water, nutrition, health care, clothing and shelter (i.e. absolute poverty) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty). Here again, in relative term, poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty at a national level means a country may have insufficient economic resources to invest in education, health, infrastructure, political and legal systems and public institutions, which can lead to instability and civil unrest (http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/cache/offonce/pid/181). Similarly, Al-Roubaie (2004) defines poverty as the inability to earn adequate income to meet ones basic need and argues that poverty is man made due to wrong doings such as greed, injustice, exploitation, ignorance, unequal opportunity, corruption, social divides, gender imbalance, mal-distribution of income, laziness, disease, war, usury, oppression, political, social, environmental and economic factors. On the other hand, Primanik (1998), states that poverty is the failure to reach a certain level of income enough to meet the needs of a well-defined basket of goods and services at the prevailing market prices. As a result, persons who can get a smaller amount than the desired level of income be described to income poverty. Different nations in the world especially developing ones, are still facing these kind of problems as of the scarce for certain resources such as shortage of foods (and even long drought season, land degradation etc) brought by lack of new methods of farming like irrigation methods, using of fertilizers and pesticides. In spite of that, living expenses make poor people in spending almost all of their budgets on food. In this context they are easily in suffering once the price of food rises. On the other hand, poor government management as far as corruption, weak in rule of laws and bureaucracy are concerned, can put a nation into poverty. Such that these factors are the engine for economic development, that is to say, many enterprises and foreign investors are encouraging in. Living in poverty is something which is unacceptable, and this is because, if there is no poverty life must be different to everyone. This is due to the fact that people might have enough money to pay for school fees and go hospital. Hunger, lower life expectancy, and other kind of diseases, are the problems encountered by those who are living in poverty. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the worlds public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contribution to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Thus, as far as improvement of environment is concerned, effort must be taken to bring in sustainable economic growth first at list in agricultural sector which is the backbone for development and later on provides better life. 2.1.3. Poverty reduction Poverty reduction, or poverty alleviation, has been for the most part as a situation resulted in to general economic growth. All developing countries that have experienced sustainable high growth over the last decades have reduced their absolute poverty levels (Rodrik, August 2000). He discussed the issue of the pattern of growth and its impact on income. From that sense, Poverty reduction is possible to be engaged in improving the life for those who are living in poor conditions. But on one side if a nation be inefficient in agricultural productions, as for the case of lack of modern technology such as using fertilizers and irrigations methods for the purpose of getting higher products, the food shortages is likely to occur. That is to say, for those countries the so called developed economies recently, they succeeded in getting higher economy first and then in reducing or even eliminating a group of people in poverty. Thus support for poor economy countries is so essential to them particularly towards education, health, infrastructure and technical parts that is further collectively boost the productive ability. A health population is an engine for economic growth (WHO, 2000). And this is because to some extents, in order to make sure the reduction of poverty also takes place, the target policy for the government should direct towards the social services. Meanwhile, development aid that aimed at generating economic growth therefore would automatically also be beneficial to the poor (Schulpen, 1997:14). 2.2. The Role of Socio-Economic development in improving quality of life As it is referred to Krugman, et al. (2003), Poverty is the basic problem of developing countries and escaping from poverty is their overriding economic and political challenge. This challenge should be well addressed through well planned project like subsidies in agriculture, encouraging privatization and investment processes that have giving up a higher output and employment. Also Krugman, 2003, argued that, improving environment particularly political environment, supposed to be taken into account first to speed up the economic process in order to reach an objective of economic growth headed by the policy action. In doing so, domestic industries must take the leading position for production of enough goods to satisfy domestic market and also increase export to get balance of payment surplus. On the other way round, government might apply high tariff on imported goods, taxation reform and even market intervention on price rises for the purpose of investment growth. Taking an example from Palit, (2006), argued that, the World Bank advised the government of Bangladesh for the privatization program. This policy was aimed to: (1) increase irrigation coverage per machine (11) reduce the cost of irrigation (111) improved maintenance by the owners of the machines, and (1V) reduce the cost of management on the part of the Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation (BADC). Arising from these changes, the very idea of what development does or should mean has also rapidly evolved. Development is no longer equated solely with the endless pursuit of material and economic goals; it is increasingly perceived as a never-ending process of change towards a continuous improvement of the human condition (Rana, 2000). The objective of human development has been reiterated to include expanding the capabilities of people to live the sorts of lives they desire (Sen, 1999). It has become necessary for economic development together with environmental, social and cultural development -to be regarded as part of a bigger whole sustainable human development (UNDP, 1994). In doing so the nation has been far more steps in the process of widen the peoples preferences that lead in enjoyment of overall living standards. Together with that, the government in the assistant with the private sectors has to play a major responsibility. Hence, socio-economic development, apart from reducing poverty, it may donates not only the livelihood but also attract chances for employment. 2.2. World Perception on Poverty Reduction 2.2.1. Africa Perspectives on Poverty Reduction ETHIOPIA AND POVERTY However, in African perspectives, this study attempted to take Ethiopia as its case study to see what has been done on poverty reduction. Ethiopia is one among the African landlocked (non-coastal) country which has an area of 1.13 million square kilometers (437,794 sq miles), the second for having high number of populations around 85.8 million, life expectancy is about 54 years (men), 56 years (women), ( UN, 2009). Coffee, oilseeds, hides, beeswax and sugarcane are the main exports goods for the country, and its gross national income according to the World Bank 2008, was around US $280. On the side of natural resources, this country comprised of a number of them including potash, salt, gold, copper, platinum and natural gas. For certain extent its economy depends on agriculture accounting half of the GDP (60% of exports and 80% of employment) which mostly relies on rainfall, but is one among the leading coffee producers in Africa. In 2002, coffee alone contributed amount of US $ 156 million, in which the year after the overall agricultural products two percents declined due to the drought and poor methods of farming. Example, it shows in the graph below, that the share of agriculture in 2002/2003 dropped 40% from 43% in year 2001/2002. Manufacturing sector and transport storage communications 7%, other services accounted for 17%, government services 15%, trade, restaurants, hotels all together amounted to 9% while 5% for other industries. GDP by sector in 2002/2003 Source: Authors estimates based on IMF and domestic authorities data. According to the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#Economy, Ethiopia has shown a fast-growing annual GDP and it was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African nation in 2007 and 2008. Also it then added that since 1991, there has been attempts to improve the economy, however has been some political opposition to the policies as well as a 2008 drought which slowed progress even if it has many rivers but few of them used in irrigation purposes. The effectiveness of these policies is reflected in the 10% yearly growth from 2003-2008. Among other things, GDP Ethiopia showed gradually increase since 1980s. Various additional Ethiopia economic activities are based on agriculture accounted for about 41% of GDP, 80% of exports and 80% of the labor force. In 2007, experience a higher annual GDP whereby agricultural goods took a higher portion on exports in which coffee was the largest foreign exchange earners of a country. Small scale farmers and enterprises are the main sole producers of the export products based on cash crops goods. In Africa, is the second producer of the maize and reported to account 15% in 1987 of GDP. The gross national income (GNI) for 2005 was $11.1billion, with a per capita GNI increased from US $ 90 (UNICEF, 2003), US $ 160.00 (World Development Indicators database, April 2006) up to US$ 170 in 2006. In 2009, the GNP per capita reached US $1541 resulted in improved the life expectancy to 54 years for men and for women 56years, from 44.6 years for men and 46.7 years for women in 2001, (UN). Here again, the share for agriculture in GDP in the year 2006 was 47.3%, w hile industry, manufacturing and services were 13.5%, 5.3% and 39.2% respectively. In a fiscal year of 2007-2008, agriculture commodities headed by coffee contributed 45% of GDP in a country, while industries including textiles, processed foods, construction, cement and hydroelectric power all together contributed 13% of GDP and services amounted to 42% of GDP. In addition to that the annual growth rate accounted for about 8.5%, and per capita GDP reached to about $800 in the year 2008. As far as trade was concerned, in 2005 export was US $612million and import was US$2.722 billion. The economy showed improving a bit differently from 2006, such that merchandise exports and imports accounted for US$ 1,014.0 and US $4,494 million respectively. Despite these economic improvements, urban and rural poverty remains an issue in the country. This was due to the fact that, on one angle people especially male moved from rural to urban area to the sense that they can find good living conditions. At the same time they left their wives out of pocket with a heavy work burden of taking care of children. Thus was in turn not only to child labor where most of them are not educated and not well paid, malnutrition and illiteracy as well. In spite of that, other factors making people migrate from one place to another generally, like economic, demographic, political and other related factors, such as population pressure, environmental disasters, poverty and conflicts. For example Africa in particular, the development of transportation systems, the monetization of the economy and the deliberate development of mining enclaves and plantation agriculture together with a series of recruitment policies (compulsory recruitment, contract and forced labor legislation and agreements) stimulated regional labor migration from Mali, Togo and Upper Volta to Gold Coast and Coˆ  tedIvoire (Adepoju, 2005; Adebusoye, 2006). These migrations between African countries brought by the fact that; socio-economic as well as historical factors differ among each other. But back to 1998 when Ethiopia has a war with Eritrea, this resulted into slow of agricultural productions that has a huge impacts on exports for foreign exchange income to the country. Here again, low government revenue, due to the fallen of collection of tax contributed to the small number of tourist that arrived in the country for the period of 1999. In Ethiopia particular, overall people living below poverty line were 50% in 2005. It was reported that, in 2008 about 16% of the populations were still living with less than one dollar a day. Whereby only 65% of the rural families can eat the WHOs minimum average of food per day, and about 42% of five years children of age were underweight. According to the Dercon Stefan, (1999), the poor typically have less to economic infrastructure, such as transport, all weather roads or communication services. He then added that, although distances to social infrastructure are not necessarily much different between the poor and rich, the poor rely much more on self-treatment, including traditional means, and cheaper forms of health care such as pharmacies and rural drugs venders. These will in turn to most poor depending mainly to the agriculture with poor farming skills that resulting to have low harvests. On the other hand, low capitals for purchasing fertilizers as well as pesticides in orde r to have good harvests which still remain the challenge. In connection to this the poor do not have the necessary technology and resources, in terms of money and so on, to be able to change and adopt (Primw minister -Meles Zenawi (2009)). Similarly, according to the World Bank reported 2009, in 2001/2002, firms reported a range of serious obstacles, including poor infrastructure, regulatory barrios, administrative obstacles, and access to land and finance. The report added that by the 2006/2007 most of them had become insignificant problems. From the farmers perspective, in Ethiopian peasants lived for very many years in a terrible state of ignorance and gruesome conditions of deprivation and poverty (Gebru, 1991:3). From 1994 up to 2004, it was found that 21% remained poor through the whole period (Dercon et al, 2006). However with such condition, a bit improvement recognized in 1982, the percentage of people living below poverty line of $1 a day fell from 46% to 31.3% in 1995. Bu t according to the World Bank 2006 report, 22.5% were lived under the food poverty line of 1650 kcals per person per day. For many years, Ethiopia experienced a number of drought seasons that threatened the livelihood of citizens and caused a food shortage. For example from 1978-1998 alone, the country was in drought which has an effect on losing per capita income and consumption as well, resulted in to looking for food support from international agencies. In facts, there is no clear cut that shows the declining or increasing of poverty in Ethiopia. For example, in supporting by the World Bank 2005, at an aggregate level, there appears to have been little or no decline in overall poverty incident in Ethiopia since 1992, in which rural experienced decline of one or two percentages and urban has increased in recent years. In order positively respond to this world problem, Ethiopian government has set its target vision to be achieved which is to see Ethiopia become a country where democratic rule, good governance and social justice reign upon the involvement and free will of its people; and once extricating itself from poverty to become a middle-income economy (www.csa.gov.et). So that to reach this vision, the government also laid down a strategy to reduce poverty together with the achievement of millennium development goals (MDGs) called Program for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP). The main aim of this plan was to push the country in to the economic growth position manly through agricultural productions by using new methods of farming together with subsidizing fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides, as well as strengthening extension services. Not only that but also encouraging the participation of private sectors approach and without forget the public sectors in d elivering services. Based on agricultural activities and its development meaning that, this is the first step to approach the growth and further poverty reduction that will end up to the industrial improvement which will automatically provide employment for majority poor citizens. As far as rural development was concerned, education, food security and health program including safety net and HIV/AIDS issues are addressed. Many countries in the world put the economic growth as the most important goal to be achieved and poverty reduction followed after. To some extent, the government decided to provide assistance fund for majority of poor to give them support for the development of small business and encourage local markets. For example in 1997 and 2002 the amount reached around US$265 million a year, and then increased in the year after whereby drought hit the country (i.e 2003), (Ashley, Brown, et al. 2006). In 2005-2006, 55% off cash are given, 45% was food assistant and in 2007 safety net program reached about 8.3 million rural Ethiopian in different regions. Among other things, Ethiopian government tried level best in reducing poverty level by strengthening i

English Revolution :: European Europe History

English Revolution The history of the English Revolution from 1649 to 1660 can be briefly told. Cromwell's shooting of the Levellers at Burford made a restoration of monarchy and lords ultimately inevitable, for the breach of big bourgeoisie and gentry with the popular forces meant that their government could only be maintained either by an army (which in the long ran proved crushingly expensive as well as difficult to control) or by a compromise with the surviving representatives of the old order. But first there were still tasks to be done. (1) There was the conquest of Ireland, the expropriation of its landowners and peasantry - the first big triumph of English imperialism and the first big defeat of English democracy. For the petty bourgeoisie of the Army, despite the warnings of many of the Leveller leaders, allowed themselves to be distracted from establishing their own liberties in England and, deluded by religious slogans, to destroy those of the Irish. Many of them set up as landed proprietors in Ireland. (The Leveller revolt of 1649 had been occasioned by the refusal of many of the rank and file to leave for Ireland, for that meant violating their Engagement of 1647 not to divide until the liberties of England were secure.) (2) There was the conquest of Scotland, necessary to prevent a restoration of the old order thence; Scotland was opened up to English traders by political union. (3) A forward commercial policy was undertaken with the Navigation Act of 1651, the basis of England's commercial prosperity in the next century. This aimed at winning the carrying trade of Europe for English ships, and at excluding all rivals from trade with England's colonies. It led to a war with the Dutch, who had monopolised the carrying trade of the world in the first half of the seventeenth century. For in that period the royal policy had frustrated all attempts of the bourgeoisie to throw the resources of England into an effective struggle for this trade. In this war, thanks to Blake's fleet and the economic strength the Republican Government was able to mobilise, England was victorious. (4) An imperialist policy needed the strong Navy which Charles had failed to build up, and under Blake the Commonwealth began to rule the waves to some purpose; war in alliance with France against Spain brought Jamaica and Dunkirk to England. (5) The

Rfid Monitoring System With SMS Essay

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Over the years, technology brought forth different products that would make man’s life more convenient and enjoyable. The products include, but are not limited to computers, televisions, radio, satellites, light bulb, automobiles, robots, and mobile phones. Others include virtual simulations of real life phenomena like life simulation games, virtual assistants and artificial intelligence. Technology greatly affected mankind as it helped them achieve things which may seem impossible to attain and gain truth and knowledge from things which may seem complicated to decode or understand. Through the years to come, technology will continue to lead man to the path of scientific advancement. A virtual pet is a type of an artificial human companion. Virtual pets differ from real pets as they have no concrete physical form other than the hardware they run on. On the other hand, like a real animal, if a virtual pet is neglected, it can get sick and die. Interaction with virtual pets may or may not be goal oriented, depending on the player. If the interaction is goal oriented, then the player must keep it alive as long as possible and often help it to grow into higher forms. In order to keep the pet alive a player often has to ‘feed’, ‘groom’, and ’play’ with his or her virtual pet. If it is not goal oriented, then the player may experiment with the game by trying out different pets to know which one he or she likes to take care of. A virtual pet can be a simulation of real or imaginary animals in computers, tablets, smartphones, or sometimes, in electronic toys. Virtual pet games are a subclass of life simulation games. Life simulation games are about â€Å"maintaining and growing a manageable population of organisms†, where players are given the power to control the lives of autonomous creatures or people. One thing that distinguishes virtual pets from other simulation games is, it is designed to be ‘cute’ and it has the ability to act out on a range of emotions based on a player’s interaction. Aside from providing entertainment to players, the main purpose of virtual pet games is to teach players the responsibilities of taking care of a pet. A virtual pet game could be used as a training for a person who wants to adopt an animal as a pet. It can help people determine if they are committed to taking care of a real animal. Plus, virtual pet games can be used in lieu of taking care of a real live pet for people who have allergic reactions to certain animals. The Virtual Pet Caretaking Game proposed by the researchers would be a big help for those people who think of having real pets. It will be developed in the android platform which can only be accessible to android phone users. With this game, they can be taught of the responsibilities of having to take care of a pet. Players will often get to enjoy various interactions with their pets such as feeding them, grooming them, playing with them, and giving them gifts such as accessories. The virtual pets, although ‘cartoony’ in design, will often simulate various reactions from real pets such as barking, yapping, purring, enjoying a good old ‘belly rub’, scratching, etc. It will also include a state indicator to determine if a pet is hungry, upset, bored, sick, lonely, and having the urge to defecate or urinate. This game also exhibits realistic tendencies that could happen if a player forgets to feed, groom, or give medicine to his or her pet. These tendencies inc lude death, sickness, and bad odor caused by unsanitary hygiene. Project Context One of the problems encountered in the Philippines can be seen in its streets. There are various stray dogs, cats and other animals that were once part of a ‘family’ (considering some people often think of pets as part of a family) which are now neglected and are roaming the city in search for food and shelter. These pets, due to hunger, unsanitary hygiene, and being exposed to harsh environmental conditions without shelter, often get sick. They could carry diseases that could harm not only them, but also the human beings. Neglected pets such as these are often pitiful to see. If only the people who were once the owners of these animals knew how to take care of a pet, then problems like these wouldn’t arise. Some people often think that having a pet is an easy job. They think that they can manage to take care of their pets even if they have work or classes to attend to. They might tell themselves that they are responsible enough to raise pets and would sometimes rush into adopting one without having enough knowledge on how to take care of it. In most cases, people are not prepared to have pets. There will come a time when they will pay little attention to the pets they once adored and showered affections with. This could lead to the detrimental of their pets’ health or sometimes, even death. Thus, the proponents have decided to develop the Virtual Pet Caretaking Game to train the people before having a real pet. This game will help them know the pet’s needs and wants. Players will learn to be patient and loving with their pets or else the pets get sick or die. This game could also aid the players in choosing the right animal for them to adopt as a pet, in the future. In addition, this game could also be used to determine a player’s commitment to taking care of a real pet. If the pet lived a happy and fruitful life during its virtual lifetime, then this is a good indication that the player or owner of the virtual pet is ready to have a real live pet. Purpose and Description This project is addressed to all people who want to raise a pet for the first time, but do not have any idea of what problems they will face if they do. Many people suffer in the process of raising a pet, because they cannot adjust or even simply understand the behavior of their pets. Health of their pet is not properly balanced and proper hygiene is not consistent due to a busy schedule. But the worse scenario is taken and carried by their beloved pets. Because of health problems, these pets are prone to different kinds of viruses and sickness, less exercise will add up and less attention will boost stress that will affect their behavior, action and interaction to people, and other animals. Virtual Pet Caretaking Game is an application that will let users or players see a forecast of what to do to raise a pet. The player’s main goal in this game is to maintain his or her virtual pet’s health, hygiene, and happiness  bars as great as possible. Through this, players will get to train themselves to become good pet caretakers someday. The game possesses a great Graphical User Interface that will suit to all ages. This means that parents won’t have to worry about guiding their children in playing this game. This game is not only for children, because its goal will suit to all pet lovers out there, and because of its easy to use navigation and controls, the proponents are pretty sure that everybody won’t have a hard time in navigating this game. Mistakes are acceptable if the pet owners learned from it, but if their pets continue to suffer from the same mistakes, it is a different story. The choice is in the players’ hands. Through a virtual pet game, players will get to learn many things about taking care of a pet. General Objective The primary objective of this project is to develop an application that will temporarily replace the role of real pets in people’s lives. The purpose of replacing a real pet is to expose the people who want to have pets, to all situations that they may face if they raise their own pets. Situations like; how to feed, when to feed or what to feed; is very important and would be very crucial in raising real pets. This will teach people the responsibilities one has to do in order for the pet to survive. Watching and understanding their different emotions are important too and letting them grow healthy in the players’ hands is a must! This game is designed for children and adults who want to know their responsibilities in raising a pet. This is also for the pet’s safety; because ignorance of pet lovers can harm them and can boost stress that will greatly affect their emotion, action, and interaction with people. This game will simulate behaviors and characteristics of a real pet, to let a user or a player feel that he or she is raising a real pet. If the user is doing something wrong, the virtual pet will react accordingly. Specific Objectives Below are the specific objectives of the study 1. To develop a game which simulates virtual pets to temporarily replace real animals as pets. 2. To develop virtual pets which can simulate the behaviors of real animals. 3. To teach people the proper ways of taking care of a pet. 4. To assess if a person is suitable in raising or adopting a real animal as a pet. 5. To provide a user friendly interface that suits for all ages. 6. To provide user convenience by implementing simple navigation or controls. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study of Virtual Pet Caretaking Game covers the processes of simulating virtual pets to mimic real life pets to let the user or player feel that he or she is taking care of a real pet. It will include various things that the user can do to interact with his or her virtual pet such as feeding it, grooming it, playing with it, giving it accessories, and giving it medicine if the pet is sick. The game also covers tendencies that could happen if a virtual pet is not treated right, such as sickness or death. If the pet is raised with affections, then the pet will grow bigger and healthier, up to the last days of its virtual life. Like a real pet, a virtual pet will not live forever, so taking good care of a virtual pet is a must, if the player wants his or her virtual pet to live a happy virtual life. However, there are features which the proponents would limit for the game, such as, the game will only be developed in a two-dimensional graphic display and the game will not include social interactions with other players over the internet. Furthermore, by the end of the virtual pet’s lifetime, players can get to assess themselves if they are ready to adopt or raise a real animal as a pet. If the virtual pet lived a happy virtual life, then the player may now adopt or raise a real pet. Otherwise, it can be an indicator that the player needs to have more training in taking care of a virtual pet so that in the future, the player will be ready to adopt or raise real pets.

Bristol Biomedical Company

Bristol biomedical company came into being about ten years ago. It is a small fifty person medical device company. For years it has made sufficient revenue to fulfill the needs of the company and its employees and has also managed to make a profit. The reason for preparing a new marketing plan for the company is that the company through the hard work of its workers has invented a new x-ray machine which is both inexpensive and easy to use in a doctor’s office. Therefore a new marketing plan is being devised so as to market the product properly and also to target a vast market.Executive summary: The marketing plan for the Bristol Biomedical Company will consist basically of four steps which will guide our product and ultimately the company towards success; on the basis of these four steps a marketing plan will be developed. These four areas are Organization, Research, Creativity process, and Control. The area relating to organization will relate mainly to the establishment of m arketing goals and objectives. The research area will include the outlining of market audit, completing the completion of data and finally analyzing the audit targeting.The creativity process will deal in developing strategies and tactics and finally the control phase will deal with developing an effective control system. Our marketing plan will basically target the first two areas i. e. the organization and the research part and a little of the creativity process and we will also deal with the target market. The organizational and marketing plan will provide a base from which specific marketing goals and objective can be developed. Executive Summary: It should include research paper one material Marketing Plan:The core market objective for the marketing plan for Bristol Biomedical Device Company is for generating enough sales of x-ray machines of high premium qualities. The marketing plan consists of four areas: †¢ Target Marketing †¢ Pricing Strategy †¢ Product â₠¬ ¢ Place Target Marketing: The company must develop an action plan for introducing the x-ray machines into the markets. Within the role of markets the company must target its distribution and promotion to the best prospect groups. These prospects have following characteristics: †¢ They would be early adopters†¢ They would be heavy users †¢ They would be opinion leaders †¢ They could be reached at a low cost Geographically, Seattle is the originator of corporate successes in diverse businesses such as Starbucks, Amazon. com etc. It can be assumed that the diversity found in these successful businesses is due to the diversification of the local people. Seattle's economic circle is driven by bioinformatics and medical equipment which are trusted for premium quality. There is just one private hospital in Seattle and remaining are mostly government owned institutions.The management can use network planning techniques such as critical path scheduling. Critical path sc heduling calls for developing a master chart showing the simultaneous and sequential activities that must take place to launch the product. By estimating how much time each activity takes the management estimates the completion time for the entire project. Any delay in any activity on the critical path will cause the project to be delayed. The management of the Bristol Biomedical Company believes the theory of innovation, diffusion and consumer adoption to identify early adopters.The consumer adoption process is influenced by many factors beyond the marketers control including consumers that are private doctors and dentists and other health organizations willing to try new machines, personal influences and the characteristics of the new x-ray machine innovations. Demographically, variables such as age, income, occupation, religion, race, generation, nationality and social classes are mainly found in Seattle's population. Seattle locals are entrepreneurial, outdoorsy, rugged yet lite rate; they have a high sense of understanding.The new x-ray machine with its exclusive features such as being less economical and comprehensible enough to be used in doctors clinics. Situational Analysis: The term situational analysis â€Å"is a shorthand description for keeping track of what is going around you in a complex, dynamic environment†. Situational Analysis helps to keep in mind the uncontrollable factors while making a plan. The situational analysis is an analysis of the market and the competitive forces in terms that most influence revenues.The SWOT analysis gives statements to analysis of marketing. These generally involves analyzing the opportunities available such as customer requirements, product capabilities, cost of services and the price the market will bear to obtain the maximum self income. Several factors maybe responsible for hindrance and weakness: †¢ Social and governmental constraints. †¢ Fragmented markets †¢ Development costs being higher than expected. †¢ Competitors fight back better than expected.Bristol Biomedical Device Company can insure the success by a leading factor of its unique superior x-ray machine for example its higher quality and new features in use. Another key success factor of company is its well defined product concept prior to development where the management carefully analyzes the target market, product requirements and benefits before proceeding. Other success factors for the company are the technological and marketing synergy as Seattle is source of innovations by a scientifically oriented population, quality of execution in all stages and market attractiveness.Pricing Strategy: The main part of the marketing mix plan of the Bristol Biomedical Company Device has set a price for the first time for its success when the firm develops a new innovation and its supplying its machines to a new distributive channel or geographical area and at the time of new contract. The company considers it's product on quality and price on different levels considering its special needs that is ease and convenience. Each price that the company might charge has different impacts on its marketing obecjectives.The company wants to charge a price that covers it's cost of producing, distributing and selling the products including a good compensation for it's efforts and risks. The company should consider value pricing where they charge a relatively low price for high quality pricing and in return they gain more and more customer satisfaction. Planning should take into account costs per unit and display the projected surpluses, losses, subsidiary or contribution towards fixed costs. This information will be critical for: †¢ Pricing policy.†¢ Range of Products and services offered. †¢ Time required in achieving planned objectives. This wall all depend upon the particular circumstances of the organization. Product: Bristol Biomedical Device Company came up with an innovative new product in advanced radiological field through a new x-ray machine to satisfy want and need for medical equipments. The x-ray machine is easy to use and comes at an affordable price and occupies small space. This machine gives the fundamental services or benefits that the health professionals are buying.This x-ray machine is really an augmented product; it gives the total consumption system where the needs and wants are properly accomplished. General Electrics Medical System Division, Japanese model are the real competitors. Siemens and Toshiba are competitors in this radiological field. The Bristol Biomedical Company has no threat by its competitors as its product strategy considers through the five levels of the product. The most fundamental level is the core benefit that the customer is really buying.This x-ray machine includes additional services and benefits that distinguish the company's offer from that of competitors. Place: The Bristol Biomedical Company has a strong ma rketing plan for its fulfillment of core marketing objective that is to achieve the maximum number of sales. The increase in demand depends upon the place (marketing mix too) which includes the various activities that market demand is fulfilled, accessible, and available to target marketing. It links various marketing facilitators to supply its product efficiently it also includes the physical distribution firms and their decision making skills.Place is the distribution of the product of sale promotion, advertising, sales force, public relations, direct mail and telemarketing to reach the distribution channels and the target customers According to Corey observation in selecting and marketing channels a distributional system is an important external and internal resources such as manufacturing, research, engineering and field sales personnel and facilities. It represents as well a commitment to a set of policies and practices that constitute the long term relationship with the custom er.Determining the types of distribution channels is important because it can have a great impact on sales. The channels should be selected based on those distribution channels that can best satisfy those distribution markets. Developing a comprehensive marketing strategy will enhance the success of the x-ray machine sales. The customer demographic and Psychographic patterns along with competitive product advantages and key product features should be utilized to name the product, project a product image, advertise and package product.The sales force and the distribution channel must be selected and made aware of this product. Bibliography: †¢ Abell, D. (1980). Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning: Prentice-Hall. †¢ Levitt, T. (1986). The Marketing Imagination: Free Press. †¢ Pfeffer, J. , & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: Harper & Row. †¢ Peters, T. J. , & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: H arper & Row †¢ Kotler, P. (1976) Marketing Management (3rd ed. ): Prentice-Hall . Coltheart, M. ,